M. P. Mazanetz, O. Ichihara, R. J. Law, M. Whittaker Journal of Cheminformatics 2011, 3:2 (Open Access)
The paper describes a surprisingly accurate method for predicting ligand-protein binding energies based, in part, on MP2/6-31G(d) ligand-protein interactions computed using the Fragment Molecular Orbital (FMO) method. The correlation between predicted and observed binding free energies are $r^2=0.939$ and $r^2=0.842$ for the training and testing set, respectively. The method is sufficiently efficient to be used within an industrial setting. The method performs better than more conventional scoring function implemented in the MOE program.
The binding free energy is given by$$\Delta G_{bind}=X_H \Delta H_{bind}+X_{TS} (T \Delta S_{bind})+X_{psolv} \Delta\Delta G_{psolv}+X_{npsolv} \Delta\Delta G_{npsolv}+X_{residual}$$
$\Delta H_{bind}$ is the ligand-protein interaction energy computed from an FMO energy decomposition analysis using a small structural model of the protein. $T\Delta S_{bind}$ is set to 1 kcal/mol per rotateable bond, $\Delta\Delta G_{psolv}$ and $\Delta\Delta G_{npsolv}$ are computed using the Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the solvent accessible surface area, respectively.
The four coefficients are obtained using a partial least squares to latent structures analysis on 14 ligand-protein complexes (for which x-ray coordinates were available). Surprisingly, $X_{TS}$ came out negative, so it is doubtful whether this term actually reports on an entropy change. The method is then applied to a test set of 14 new ligands for which x-ray structures where not available.
Another interesting feature of the method is that only the hydrogen atoms of the x-ray structures were geometry optimized (using MMFF94x). In the case where x-ray structures were not available, the structures of the ligand-protein complexes "were built by manually modifying the reference ligand and then energy minimising the ligand whilst keeping the reference heavy atoms fixed".
Results where $\Delta H_{bind}$ is computed using the MMFF94x force field instead of FMO was not reported. This would answer the question whether FMO is truly needed.
Acknowledgments: I thank Dmitri Fedorov for alerting me to this paper, and Michael Mazanetz for helpful discussions. Note that in Table 2 the column labels for the experimental and computational binding free energies should be switched.
Update (4/3/2012): $X_H=0.018613, X_{TS}=-0.485403, X_{psolv}=-0.024463, X_{npsolv}=1.729698, X_{residual}=0.258$. The latter parameter is in kcal/mol.
The paper describes a surprisingly accurate method for predicting ligand-protein binding energies based, in part, on MP2/6-31G(d) ligand-protein interactions computed using the Fragment Molecular Orbital (FMO) method. The correlation between predicted and observed binding free energies are $r^2=0.939$ and $r^2=0.842$ for the training and testing set, respectively. The method is sufficiently efficient to be used within an industrial setting. The method performs better than more conventional scoring function implemented in the MOE program.
The binding free energy is given by$$\Delta G_{bind}=X_H \Delta H_{bind}+X_{TS} (T \Delta S_{bind})+X_{psolv} \Delta\Delta G_{psolv}+X_{npsolv} \Delta\Delta G_{npsolv}+X_{residual}$$
$\Delta H_{bind}$ is the ligand-protein interaction energy computed from an FMO energy decomposition analysis using a small structural model of the protein. $T\Delta S_{bind}$ is set to 1 kcal/mol per rotateable bond, $\Delta\Delta G_{psolv}$ and $\Delta\Delta G_{npsolv}$ are computed using the Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the solvent accessible surface area, respectively.
The four coefficients are obtained using a partial least squares to latent structures analysis on 14 ligand-protein complexes (for which x-ray coordinates were available). Surprisingly, $X_{TS}$ came out negative, so it is doubtful whether this term actually reports on an entropy change. The method is then applied to a test set of 14 new ligands for which x-ray structures where not available.
Another interesting feature of the method is that only the hydrogen atoms of the x-ray structures were geometry optimized (using MMFF94x). In the case where x-ray structures were not available, the structures of the ligand-protein complexes "were built by manually modifying the reference ligand and then energy minimising the ligand whilst keeping the reference heavy atoms fixed".
Results where $\Delta H_{bind}$ is computed using the MMFF94x force field instead of FMO was not reported. This would answer the question whether FMO is truly needed.
Acknowledgments: I thank Dmitri Fedorov for alerting me to this paper, and Michael Mazanetz for helpful discussions. Note that in Table 2 the column labels for the experimental and computational binding free energies should be switched.
Update (4/3/2012): $X_H=0.018613, X_{TS}=-0.485403, X_{psolv}=-0.024463, X_{npsolv}=1.729698, X_{residual}=0.258$. The latter parameter is in kcal/mol.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
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